Genetic entropy is a biological fact

Genetic entropy means that information content in the genome is inevitably corrupting or declining. Time is an enemy for information. This is due to mutations, random errors, that accumulate in cells of all kind of organisms. Genetic entropy is an observed phenomenon. There is a lot of scientific evidence supporting this:

1. Human mutation rate
   
   https://www.nature.com/articles/news.2009.864
   
   "Every time human DNA is passed from one generation to the next it accumulates 100–200 new mutations, according to a DNA-sequencing analysis of the Y chromosome."
   
   
2. A total absence of random, fully beneficial DNA mutations in human genome. Instead, there are 1,134,942 harmful genetic errors in human genome worldwide. That number comes from DisGeNet database and it's outdated. The true number should be more than 2 million. A huge number of genetic errors in human genome can be observed as high prevalence of rare genetic disorders. One in five 'healthy' adults may carry disease-related genetic mutations.
   
   
3. A huge number of LoF-variants in human genome:
   
   https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_2327171_2/component/file_2327170/content
   
   "Genome-sequencing studies indicate that all humans carry many genetic variants predicted to cause loss of function (LoF) of protein-coding genes, suggesting unexpected redundancy in the human genome. Here we apply stringent filters to 2951 putative LoF variants obtained from 185 human genomes to determine their true prevalence and properties...However, recent studies examining the complete genomes of apparently healthy subjects have suggested that such individuals carry at least 200  and perhaps as many as 800 predicted LoF variants."
   
   There are only <20,000 protein coding genes in human genome, which means 200-800 LoF variants is a significant proportion of erroneous DNA in the whole genome.
   
   
4. There's a deletional bias shaping bacterial genomes. Lenski's Long Term Experiment clearly proves that evolution has not taken place after more than 80,000 generations of bacteria. The famous citrate utilization was due to rearrangement of DNA. No new information.
   
   
5. 
   The more adaptation or selective breeding, the more genetic errors. This can easily be observed in the wild and in cattle or dog breeding. 
   
   Evolution believers claim there is no such thing as Genetic Entropy. They claim that diseases caused by genetic errors belong to evolution. This is a weak argument, because there are several clever DNA repair mechanisms in the cell. However, DNA repair mechanisms don't work with 100% efficiency and that's why gene pools are rapidly deteriorating. 
   
   A few years ago we were taught that so called non coding DNA, that was believed to be junk-DNA, could serve as a buffer against harmful mutations. Today, there is no junk-DNA but Genetic Entropy remains. Evolution never happened.
   
   Synonyms for Genetic Entropy: Genetic load, mutational load, genetic degradation, genetic decay. 

Top ten reasons why Epigenetics doesn't support evolution

Ten years ago epigenetic mechanisms and factors were thought to play a role only in phenotypic plasticity producing layers that don't affect evolution. It was believed that epigenetic mechanisms don't affect DNA at nucleotide level.

Five years ago we were taught that epigenetic mechanisms control gene expression and in this way they help organisms adapt to changing environment. At this point epigenetics was taken as a part of the theory of evolution. A typical claim was that minor epigenetic changes accumulate into major evolutionary alterations and transitions. These beliefs are highly pseudoscientific myths, because

1. Epigenetic mechanisms have full control of transcription (reading) of DNA. An example: Look at your skin cell and compare it with your muscle cell. They both have exactly the same DNA sequences but yet they have totally different identities and tasks. They produce different proteins even having similar DNA. This is because epigenetic programming, which affects cellular differentiation, differs so much between these two cell types. This example should help us understand that DNA doesn't determine cellular differentiation, tissue type, organ structure or body plan. It's all epigenetics.
   
   
2. Organisms adapt to changing conditions due to epigenetic mechanisms that control signaling pathways in cells. Signaling pathways, such as SHH, Wnt/β-Catenin, TGF-β, Notch, JAK/STAT and BMP typically need receptors and signaling molecules. Receptors are always products of Alternative Splicing that is regulated and controlled by epigenetic mechanisms and factors.
   
   
3. Random mutations and selection have nothing to do with organismal adaptation. Darwin was wrong. An example: Darwin's Finches adapt to new food type after starting to eat new food type. The food compounds themselves affect birds' epigenomes and changing information is passed to offspring. 
   
   
4. Epigenetic modifications are dynamic and reversible changes due to epigenetic readers, writers and erasers. No new information is added in the cell during adaptational processes. Epigenetic alterations act like reversible switches. Change doesn't mean evolution.
   
   
5. Epigenetic factors can be inherited over hundreds of generations. Epigenetic memory systems make this possible. The cell uses histone markers as a biological database that acts like a registry database for epigenetic information profiles.
   
   
6. Gene and genome duplications are thought to result in evolution. In reality, gene and genome duplications, neo- and subfunctionalizations are controlled by epigenetic mechanisms and factors. After genome duplications there is a heavy loss of DNA because the cell removes unnecessary DNA. No new information, no evolution.
   
   
7. Epigenetic changes, such as altering methylation patterns, expose DNA to genetic errors. The most common mutation of this type is C>T alteration. These are called hotspot mutations and they are very common genetic errors in all kind of organisms. Of more than 50,000 genetic changes currently known to be associated with disease in humans, 32,000 of those are caused by the simple swap of one base pair for another. 48% of these are C>T mutations.
   
   
8. Epigenetic modifications, because they expose DNA to harmful mutations, result in genetic entropy. This can be observed as GC content turning to AT content that leads to weaker immune systems and narrower possibilities in adapting to changing environment. This can also be observed as decrease in chromosome number especially in diploid organisms such as mammals.
   
   
9. Epigenetic modifications make organisms possible to adapt and variate without changes in DNA. This means that the number of species in the world has been overestimated.
   
   
10. Useful, really beneficial DNA changes are no random occurrences. Modern science has revealed that epigenetic mechanism are able to modify even DNA bases.
    
    Evolution never happened. Don't get lost, my friends.

Epigenetic memory systems refute basic tenets of the theory of Evolution

https://www.jic.ac.uk/research-impact/epigenetic-memory-systems/

Excerpt:"Understanding the mechanistic basis of epigenetic memory is a central question in molecular biology.

A key hypothesis is that covalent modifications, such as trimethylation, added to specific locations on histone proteins are one important epigenetic memory element.

Although much is known about the proteins involved in histone modification dynamics, our overall mechanistic understanding is still limited.

Recently, the Martin Howard lab has been working closely with Caroline Dean’s lab in an effort to more fully understand these issues in the context of the floral regulator gene FLC. FLC is repressed by cold, such that in a subsequent warm period, the level of repression is quantitatively dependent on the prior cold period.

In effect the length of the cold period is epigenetically remembered by the plant, a memory that is crucial in the timing of flowering and therefore of reproductive success.
The group have shown that this quantitative epigenetic memory is encoded in an all or nothing fashion at each locus (where FLC is either fully repressed or not), with the fraction of repressed loci increasing with an increasing period of cold (Angel et al, 2011, Berry et al, 2015). In other words the epigenetic response is fundamentally digital:"

"More recently using dual-fluorescent labelling, the Howard group have shown that the epigenetic memory itself is stored in the chromatin and not in networks of diffusible trans factors.

This is a critical result as it demonstrates at the level of a single gene that epigenetic information can be stored locally in, for example, histone modifications. However, the information that can be stored at a single locus is very limited, only 1 bit, ON or OFF."

Digital versus analogue control

"A key question to answer is how digital epigenetic regulation is combined with more conventional analogue transcriptional control, provided, for example, by transcription factors.

This is not straightforward, as digital regulation relies on strong positive feedback, which may conflict with more fine-tuned analogue transcriptional control.

Understanding how these two fundamentally different modes of regulation, digital versus analogue, can be combined is now a key goal.The Howard group is trying to answer these questions both at Arabidopsis FLC, and also in Drosophila, in a new collaboration with the experimental group of Professor Leonie Ringrose (Humboldt University, Berlin)."

A/D Converter = Histone epigenetic markers act as a biological database regulating DNA methylation profiles

https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-022-01469-y

Excerpt: "Correlations of histone modifications, DNA methylation patterns, and gene expression further suggest a cooperative function of histone modifications and DNA methylation in regulating gene expression. Analysis of previously identified symbiosis genes revealed a functionally consistent association with active and repressive histone modifications and DNA methylation, indicating that the maintenance of symbiosis-associated gene expression is likely mediated by the synchronous action of both epigenetic mechanisms."

Summary and conclusion:

• Histone epigenetic markers act as a memory system and a biological database. 
• Histone markers make the cell possible to store digital information that regulate analogue information, i.e. DNA methylation patterns.
  
• The system acts like an A/D converter!
• Information for offspring's adaptation and survival is transmitted by epigenetic mechanisms and factors such as non coding RNA molecules.
• Darwin was wrong: Survival of the fittest is not based on random mutations and selection but sophisticated information handling mechanisms.
• Organisms can transmit the epigenetic memory with non coding RNAs.
• Biological memory systems can't evolve. The system needs to be created at once in order to be functional. An assumed memory writer is useless without memory readers.
• Epigenetic memory systems point to Design and Creation.