Epigenetic modifications result in genetic errors

This is one way how Devolution occurs

https://www.genetics.org/content/214/4/809

Cytosine Methylation Affects the Mutability of Neighboring Nucleotides in Germline and Soma

Excerpt from abstract: "Methylated cytosines deaminate at higher rates than unmethylated cytosines, and the lesions they produce are repaired less efficiently. As a result, methylated cytosines are mutational hotspots. Here, combining rare polymorphism and base-resolution methylation data in humans, Arabidopsis thaliana, and rice (Oryza sativa), we present evidence that methylation state affects mutation dynamics not only at the focal cytosine but also at neighboring nucleotides. In humans, contrary to prior suggestions, we find that nucleotides in the close vicinity (±3 bp) of methylated cytosines mutate less frequently. Reduced mutability around methylated CpGs is also observed in cancer genomes, considering single nucleotide variants alongside tissue-of-origin-matched methylation data. In contrast, methylation is associated with increased neighborhood mutation risk in A. thaliana and rice. The difference in neighborhood mutation risk is less pronounced further away from the focal CpG and modulated by regional GC content. Our results are consistent with a model where altered risk at neighboring bases is linked to lesion formation at the focal CpG and subsequent long-patch repair. Our findings indicate that cytosine methylation has a broader mutational footprint than is commonly assumed."

My comment: Ecological adaptation to diet types, climate, stressors, toxicants, sensory stimuli, pheromones etc. is controlled by epigenetic mechanisms and factors. Changing methylation patterns result in genetic errors mostly due to tendency of methylated cytosines turning to thymines in deamination. Not all errors are repaired and many of them end up into germline. This is called mutational load. Every time human DNA is passed from one generation to the next it accumulates 100–200 new mutations. There are 1,134,942 disease-related genetic errors in human genome worldwide. About half of human pathogenic SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) are GC>AT point mutations and they are strongly linked to epigenetic modifications. 

In organisms in nature, genetic errors lead often to speciation. The more adaptation and variation resulting in epigenetic modifications, the more genetic errors. This is easily observed as loss of chromosomes within diploid organisms.

Within humans, there is no speciation happening. We are experiencing rapid genetic degradation but there will not be human sub-species. Isn't it interesting that the Bible tells us the truth about this biological fact? Evolution never happened.

 Organisms (variation within kinds):

Gen. 1: 21 "And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good."

Human (no variation): 

Gen. 1:27 "So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them."

Humans have been collecting tons of negative mutations in the past few thousand years

There's no evidence for human evolution

https://www.businessinsider.com/human-genetic-variation-more-mutations-2012-11?r=US&IR=T

Excerpts: "Humans have been collecting tons of negative mutations in the past few thousand years, a new study suggests.

"Recent human history has profoundly shaped patterns of genetic variation present in contemporary populations," study researcher Joshua Akey, of the University of Washington, told us in an email. "Our results suggest that ~90% of evolutionary deleterious variants arose in the last 200-400 generations."

My comment: There are no evolutionary deleterious variants. Deleterious variants mean genetic decay. This means Devolution.

"Each generation, humanity incurs on the order of 10^11 new mutations," Akey said. "The vast majority of these either have no phenotypic or functional consequences, or are deleterious. However, a small fraction are expected to be advantageous."

My comment: A small fraction are expected to be advantageous but the number of observed advantageous mutations is close to 0.

"They saw that the parts of this genetic material that hold the instructions for proteins look very different than they would have 5,000 years ago — tons of new mutations have sprung up. This gives our population of humans more options to work with, though many of the mutations could have negative impacts: 86 percent of the negative mutations in European-Americans are less than 5,000 years old."

My comment: These results point to very young origin of human creation.

Modern research has revealed the following:https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Genetics-vs-Genomics

"All human beings are 99.9 percent identical in their genetic makeup. Differences in the remaining 0.1 percent hold important clues about the causes of diseases."

My comment: Genetic differences are not the reason for differences in human characteristics. Genetic variability is strongly associated with genetic diseases: There are 1,134,942 disease-related genetic errors in human genome worldwide but the number of fully beneficial random mutations is close to zero. Evolution has no mechanism. The Bible provides us the truth.

No evolution but extremely rapid human genetic degradation

The number of harmful mutations in human genome worldwide nearly doubled in 16 months

In last January I estimated that the next DisGeNet update will raise the number of harmful mutations in human genome to over a million. The latest update has been released a couple of days ago and the number of disease-causing mutations is today even 1,134,942. The number almost doubled from the previous update (Jan 2019). Even if it is partly a matter of advance in research, such a rapid doubling of mutations indicates that the human genome is currently deteriorating very rapidly. It is because the phenomenon accelerates itself; the more genetic defects, the weaker the repair systems work, again resulting in more genetic defects, etc.

https://www.disgenet.org/home/

The current version of DisGeNET (v7.0) contains 1,134,942 gene-disease associations (GDAs)
 

Another interesting database that gives important information regarding human germ line mutations is the Human Mutation Database:
http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk/ac/index.php

There are two versions available of this database; a free public version which is three years old and an up to date version which you have to pay for. The free version lists 275,716 harmful germline mutations in human genome at population level.

The position of the theory of evolution goes weaker and weaker. Where are all positive mutations? It's clear that evolution never happened. Don't get lost my friends.

DNA is not the blueprint for life

Current beliefs about evolution may be overly focused on the role of the genome

https://phys.org/news/2020-04-dna-life-bookjust-jumbled-ingredients.html

Excerpt: "The common view of heredity is that all information passed down from one generation to the next is stored in an organism’s DNA. But Antony Jose, associate professor of cell biology and molecular genetics at the University of Maryland, disagrees.

In two new papers, Jose argues that DNA is just the ingredient list, not the set of instructions used to build and maintain a living organism. The instructions, he says, are much more complicated, and they’re stored in the molecules that regulate a cell’s DNA and other functioning systems.

Jose's argument suggests that scientists may be overlooking important avenues for studying and treating hereditary diseases, and current beliefs about evolution may be overly focused on the role of the genome, which contains all of an organism's DNA.

"DNA cannot be seen as the 'blueprint' for life," Jose said. "It is at best an overlapping and potentially scrambled list of ingredients that is used differently by different cells at different times."For example, the gene for eye color exists in every cell of the body, but the process that produces the protein for eye color only occurs during a specific stage of development and only in the cells that constitute the colored portion of the eyes. That information is not stored in the DNA. 

This picture illustrates how epigenetic factors regulate transcription of the DNA that acts as very raw information platform, a kind of passive data base. Alternative splicing makes it possible for the cell to produce thousands of different proteins without changes in DNA. This is the most significant reason for phenotypic variation in organisms.

In addition, scientists are unable to determine the complex shape of an organ such as an eye, or that a creature will have eyes at all, by reading the creature's DNA. These fundamental aspects of anatomy are dictated by something outside of the DNA."

My comment: DNA is just passive information and it has no control over cellular processes. These new discoveries also point out the weaknesses of the so called 'Central dogma of Biology' by teaching us how the cell uses DNA for production of RNA molecules but does it with regulation of proteins, epigenetic factors and several types of molecules.
Antony Jose suggests: "In evolution organisms could evolve through changes in the arrangement of molecules without changes in their DNA sequence."

Well, this is exactly what we can observe to happen in nature. For phenotypic variation there's no need for DNA changes. But epigenetic modifications alone mean just shuffling of pre-existing information. This means alternative biological programming. But this is not evolution! Evolution, to be true, needs increase in biological information resulting in growth of structural or functional complexity in organisms. This has never been observed.