2024/05/19

Adaptation of organisms accelerates genetic decay

Adaptation of organisms accelerates genetic decay


Food type changes epigenomes

We have been taught that Darwin's finches have undergone random mutations, leading some birds to develop thick and strong beaks while others have developed thin and delicate beaks. The size and shape of the beak, in turn, have driven different species of finches to different types of food. This is how natural selection works, according to Charles Darwin.

In the bright light of modern science, this is absolutely wrong! Random mutations and selection are definitely not the reason why some finches have thick beaks and others have delicate ones. No! According to modern science, the size and shape of finches' beaks are the result of epigenetic regulation influenced by the diet the birds consume. If a finch starts eating seeds, its offspring will develop thick and strong beaks. If a finch eats insects, its offspring will have more delicate beaks. This is how epigenetic regulation works. It is based on the modification of existing information.
Scientific studies confirm these observations:


"These species of finch have distinct diets which could explain the differences in methylation patterns as diet is known to influence epigenetics."


"Nutrition is one of the strongest modifiable factors, which plays a direct role in DNA methylation pathways. Large numbers of studies have investigated the effects of nutrition on DNA methylation pathways, but relatively few have focused on the biochemical mechanisms. Understanding the biological mechanisms is essential for clarifying how nutrients function in epigenetics."

There are other factors affecting the epigenomes of organisms such as stress, climate, toxicants, pheromones, etc. Organisms have specific receptors by which they are able to receive and transmit signals from the environment to the cells.

Changing methylation patterns lead to genetic errors


"CpG sites mutate 10-50 times faster than any other genomic motif. This mutability is attributable to DNA methylation: a methylated cytosine is an order of magnitude more likely to mutate than an unmethylated cytosine. Obviously, not every CpG site mutation is a direct result of methylation and some mutations will occur by chance at unmodified CpG sites. However, this fraction will be extremely small, as the mutation rate of methylated cytosines is nearly 20,000 times that of unmethylated cytosines. In addition to somatic cells, CpG mutations are also expected to occur in the germline, which will influence how such mutations are inherited."

“Of more than 50,000 genetic changes currently known to be associated with disease in humans, 32,000 of those are caused by the simple swap of one base pair for another.” – David Liu

https://www.zmescience.com/medicine/genetic/crispr-rna-gene-editing-0432432/

Nearly half of human pathogenic point mutations are caused by methylated-cytosine-to-thymine mutations.


CpG island and cytosine methylation result in decrease in GC content

The strong tendency of CpG islands and individual cytosine bases to mutate to thymine when methylated leads to a GC-AT imbalance in the cell. The cell must balance the GC-AT ratio during reproduction through a process known as meiotic recombination, where the cell rearranges DNA to achieve a sufficiently high GC content for essential functions. This process inevitably results in the loss of information. A high AT content also causes chromosomal damage and breakages, forcing the cell to rearrange DNA and fuse chromosomes together, which reduces their overall number.

Summary:
  • Organisms adapt to changing conditions thanks to built-in mechanisms that modify existing information.
  • Darwin was wrong.
  • Random mutations and selection never lead to any evolution.
  • The mutation rate of methylated cytosines is nearly 20,000 times that of unmethylated cytosines.
  • Adaptation results in changing methylation patterns. This increases the possibility for more cytosine-to-thymine mutations to occur.
  • The cell tries to balance the GC-AT ratio by rearranging DNA.
  • DNA is passive information.
  • In this process, information is lost.
  • Loss of information and DNA rearrangement can be observed as so-called speciation.
  • Genetic entropy is a biological fact. Evolution never happened. The theory of evolution is the most serious heresy of our time.

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