2023/07/23

Science disproves evolution with a single observation

The absence of just one repair mechanism leads to inevitable genetic entropy


Evolution has no mechanism or even a chance. In every kind of organisms, the GC content of the genome inevitably changes to AT content because one DNA repair mechanism is missing. This leads to genetic errors and especially to a collapse of gene regulatory regions, causing the genes to stop working. The result is 'non functional genes', i.e. pseudogenes. Read more using keywords: 'methylated cytosine to thymine bias'.

The conversion of methylated cytosine to thymine is related to the laws of thermodynamics. The phenomenon is also associated with a higher C>T mutation rate caused by an increase in temperature. As the climate warms even temporarily, loss of biodiversity accelerates.

The phenomenon is noticeable throughout nature and also in humans. In particular, CpG islands break down, causing gene regulatory areas to cease to function. Evolution has not been able to build highly organized GC material into every group of organisms. There is no mechanism for that.

When genes stop working, organisms rearrange their DNA, which can be seen as a change in phenotypes, so we can observe so-called speciation. Organismal variation due to loss of information is not evolution.

Scientific explanation

There is a universal bias towards GC (guanine-cytosine) to AT (adenine-thymine) mutations, which is commonly known as the "GC --> AT mutation bias" or "GC-biased gene conversion" (gBGC).

GC-biased gene conversion refers to a process during DNA replication and recombination where GC base pairs (G-C) are preferentially converted to AT base pairs (A-T). This phenomenon leads to an increase in the frequency of AT base pairs in the genome over time. It is a widespread phenomenon observed in various organisms, including humans and many other species.

The underlying mechanism of GC-biased gene conversion is not fully understood, but it is thought to be influenced by the process of recombination during meiosis, where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. Some studies suggest that recombination-associated repair processes might favor the fixation of AT alleles over GC alleles, leading to the observed bias.


Evidence that mutation is universally biased
 towards AT in bacteria. PLOS Genetics 6, e1001115).
 GC-content of nonsynonymous (red) and synonymous
 (blue) sites are plotted against the GC-contents of
 intergenic regions from the same bacteria.
 Each point represents a different fully sequenced
 bacterial genome. The plot demonstrates a very clear
 correlation between the GC-contents
 of all three categories of sites. 
Examples, GC content in % and number of other information element measurements

  1. One of the favourites of evolution believers, the assumed evolution of multicellularity. Volvox carteri which has been claimed to been evolved from Chlamydomonas:

    Chlamydomonas reinhardtii GC content 64% --> Volvox carteri GC content 56%
    As a consequence, Volvox has lost several genes or they have stopped working. No evolution.

  2. Canidae speciation. According to newest research Foxes have diverged from the Wolf lineage.

    Canis lupus (The Grey wolf):
    GC content ~43%
    number of chromosomes 78
    number of mRNAs 62,946
    number of genes and pseudogenes 39,198

    Vulpes vulpes (The Red fox)
    GC content ~41.3%
    number of chromosomes 34
    number of mRNAs 37,902
    number of genes and pseudogenes 29,061

    Huge loss of information after/during speciation. No evolution.
As we can see, the GC content of the Red fox is almost as high as that of the Wolf but the number of chromosomes, mRNAs and genes has decreased significantly. Conclusions?

Universal bias towards GC --> AT mutations


"Recent studies have shown that mutation appears to be universally AT-biased in eukaryotes , –. Our results demonstrating that this may also be the case in prokaryotes therefore show that mutation may in fact be AT-biased in all living organisms (although it is important to note that we do not yet have good estimates of the mutational biases of Archea). Not only is mutation AT-biased in all instances studied, but the specific pattern of mutation is always consistent. The most common mutations are always G/C to A/T transitions. These results make it tempting to speculate that the predominant mutations are simply the result of the lability of cytosine to deamination, and that this pattern shows through despite possible variability in DNA replication and repair mechanisms ."


Low GC content results in chromosome loss


"These assemblies pinpoint fusion points on 10 of the 20 autosomal chromosomes and reveal striking differences in the characteristics of fused and unfused chromosomes. The ten smallest autosomes in D. iulia and E. isabella, which have each fused to a longer chromosome in Heliconius, have higher repeat and GC content, and longer introns than predicted by their chromosome length. When fused, these characteristics change to become more in line with chromosome length. The fusions also led to reduced diversity"

Due to the strong tendency towards GC --> AT mutations organisms try to maintain higher GC content by fusing chromosomes. In this process, DNA is rearranged in such a way that the most important DNA sequences for survival are grouped in the genome in the most energy-efficient way. This can lead to so called new species. This kind of speciation is not evolution, because changes in phenotypes are due to information loss.

Summary and conclusions:
  • There is a universal bias towards GC (guanine-cytosine) to AT (adenine-thymine) mutations in all kind of organisms. This is due to a tendency for methylated cytosine to turn to thymine in deamination caused by i.e. oxidative stress.
  • There is no DNA repair mechanism for this type of mutation. Damages are irreversible.
  • Organisms try to compensate for this mutation load by rearranging DNA in recombination during reproduction.
  • Genome reorganization often results in chromosome fusion and further reduction in the number of chromosomes. It also leads to reduced number of genes, regulatory areas, mRNAs, protein coding genes etc.
  • There is no mechanism for evolution.

Evolutionists are silent when facing this biological fact. All they have left is mocking creationists.
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