CpG islands are collapsing in all kind of organisms - Evolution never happened
DNA transcription start site and intensity is regulated by methylation levels of CpG islands (promoter, enhancer). |
The cell is able to modify and rearrange DNA in several ways. However, there is no scientific evidence of the cell's ability to modify CpG islands. Mutations that change CpG island structures are irreversible and are leading to inevitable genetic entropy. However, in some cases the cell is able to use an alternative solution in order for the transcription to function normally. Alternative promoters and enhancers have been discovered.
There are numerous examples of collapsed CpG islands resulting in 'loss of function enhancers' or 'loss of function promoters'. Here's a few of them:
Role of Enhancers in Development and Diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8715447/
Role of Enhancers in Development and Diseases
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8715447/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471491421001970
https://www.snexplores.org/article/how-some-birds-lost-ability-fly
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27768887/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7398324/
Summary and conclusions:
- Methylated cytosines are prone to turn to thymines resulting in gradual loss of genetic integrity.
- Genome's GC content inevitably turns to AT content in all kind of organisms.
- CpG islands, rich in CpG sites, are necessary genomic regions for DNA transcription. The cell uses them both for transcription start sites (promoters) and transcription intensity regulators (enhancers).
- C>T mutations when targeting CpG islands result in non functional promoters and enhancers. This can be observed as loss of function genes, LoF-variants.
- Broken CpG islands are not repaired by the cell's DNA repair mechanisms. Damages are irreversible.
- Mutations lead to corruption of information, not evolution.
- Well organized CpG islands point to design and creation. Collapsing CpG islands point to genetic entropy. Evolution has no chance.