Mutation load destroys the theory of Evolution
Excerpts: "In work published online in Genome Biology and Evolution, Dan Graur reports the functional portion of the human genome probably falls between 10 percent and 15 percent, with an upper limit of 25 percent. The rest is so-called junk DNA, or useless but harmless DNA.
Graur, Moores Professor of Biology and Biochemistry at UH, took a deceptively simple approach to determining how much of the genome is functional, using the deleterious mutation rate – that is, the rate at which harmful mutations occur – and the replacement fertility rate."
Graur, Moores Professor of Biology and Biochemistry at UH, took a deceptively simple approach to determining how much of the genome is functional, using the deleterious mutation rate – that is, the rate at which harmful mutations occur – and the replacement fertility rate."
"Both genome size and the rate of deleterious mutations in functional parts of the genome have previously been determined, and historical data documents human population levels. With that information, Graur developed a model to calculate the decrease in reproductive success induced by harmful mutations, known as the “mutational load,” in relation to the portion of the genome that is functional."
"If 80 percent of the genome were functional, unrealistically high birth rates would be required to sustain the population even if the deleterious mutation rate were at the low end of estimates, Graur found.
“For 80 percent of the human genome to be functional, each couple in the world would have to beget on average 15 children and all but two would have to die or fail to reproduce,” he wrote. “If we use the upper bound for the deleterious mutation rate (2 × 10−8 mutations per nucleotide per generation), then … the number of children that each couple would have to have to maintain a constant population size would exceed the number of stars in the visible universe by ten orders of magnitude.”"
Mutation load? What does it mean?
Mutation load or genetic load is the reduction in the fitness of a population caused by recurrent deleterious mutations, genetic drift, recombination affecting epistatically favourable gene combinations, or other genetic processes. An example: Human mutation load can be measured by a mutation rate. Nature study: Every time human DNA is passed from one generation to the next it accumulates 100–200 new mutations, according to a DNA-sequencing analysis of the Y chromosome. Genetic load is a biological fact that occurs within all kind of organisms.
"If 80 percent of the genome were functional, unrealistically high birth rates would be required to sustain the population even if the deleterious mutation rate were at the low end of estimates, Graur found.
“For 80 percent of the human genome to be functional, each couple in the world would have to beget on average 15 children and all but two would have to die or fail to reproduce,” he wrote. “If we use the upper bound for the deleterious mutation rate (2 × 10−8 mutations per nucleotide per generation), then … the number of children that each couple would have to have to maintain a constant population size would exceed the number of stars in the visible universe by ten orders of magnitude.”"
Mutation load? What does it mean?
Mutation load or genetic load is the reduction in the fitness of a population caused by recurrent deleterious mutations, genetic drift, recombination affecting epistatically favourable gene combinations, or other genetic processes. An example: Human mutation load can be measured by a mutation rate. Nature study: Every time human DNA is passed from one generation to the next it accumulates 100–200 new mutations, according to a DNA-sequencing analysis of the Y chromosome. Genetic load is a biological fact that occurs within all kind of organisms.
Evolution needs junk-DNA
Because of the inevitable mutation load, there has to be a protective buffer against deleterious mutations, in order for evolution to occur. This is why evolutionary biologists have believed that the maximum proportion of functional genome can't be higher than 25%. If it exceeds that, then evolution becomes a destructive process, as Dan Graur states.
Today, there is no junk-DNA
Serious scientific research has confirmed, that the theory of junk-DNA has seriously failed:
"In addition, there has been an explosion of research addressing possible functional roles for the other 98% of the human genome that does not encode proteins. In fact, >90% of the human genome is likely to be transcribed yielding a complex network of overlapping transcripts that include tens of thousands of long RNAs with little or no protein forming capacity; they are collectively called non-coding RNA."
Summary and conclusions:
Serious scientific research has confirmed, that the theory of junk-DNA has seriously failed:
"In addition, there has been an explosion of research addressing possible functional roles for the other 98% of the human genome that does not encode proteins. In fact, >90% of the human genome is likely to be transcribed yielding a complex network of overlapping transcripts that include tens of thousands of long RNAs with little or no protein forming capacity; they are collectively called non-coding RNA."
Summary and conclusions:
- Mutation load (genetic load) is an inevitable phenomenon occurring all over nature.
- In order for evolution to occur, the functional share of genomes can't be larger than 25%.
- According to modern science there is no junk-DNA. At least 90% of human genome is read for transcription and for the rest 10%, it's been found important regulatory tasks.
- The theory of so called neutral mutations is based on the existence of junk-DNA.
- There are at least 2 million harmful mutations in human genome worldwide but the number of random, fully beneficial mutations is 0.
- Mutation load destroys the theory of evolution.
