Molecular motors, gears and other mechanical structures in living cells
- Dyneins and kinesins, walking motor proteins, cargo-carriers (even 220 steps per second)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006349508704685
"Kinesin-1 and cytoplasmic dynein are the major cytoplasmic motors responsible for long-range transport in many cell types. Kinesin walks along microtubules toward the plus ends, facilitating material transport from the cell interior toward the cortex. Dynein transports material toward the microtubule minus ends, moving from the cell periphery to the cell interior."
http://book.bionumbers.org/how-fast-do-molecular-motors-move-on-cytoskeletal-filaments/
"This directed motion is made up of individual steps of 8 nm length, thus requiring about 100 steps per second to achieve such speeds in vitro."
- MO-1 marine bacterium, seven ion-flow motors synchronized with a 24-gear planetary gearbox
http://blog.godreports.com/2014/02/earliest-single-cell-bacteria-contained-seven-complex-motors/
“The seven flagella propellers are inter-linked for minimum drag profile and maximum thrust by using 24 gears and a sheath, similar to modern aircraft and mufti-engine helicopters!”
“It actually has gears and it keeps all seven motors synchronized,” he notes. “Typically, any geared engines have no more than two motors. The best we could do in a helicopter is three engines and a multiple gear box to sync the engines.”
“The motors can drive the MO-1 bacteria at relative speeds of 100 body lengths/second. A Cheetah achieves a land speed of only 25 body lengths/second in comparison and that’s in air, not fluid!” he says.
- No known artificial machine can reach the energy conversion efficiency and sensitivity of this bio system
https://phys.org/news/2006-02-bacterial-motors-nanotechnology.html
"This motor has the same power-to-weight ratio as an internal combustion engine, spins at up to 100,000 rpm and achieves near-perfect efficiency. Yet at only 50 nanometres across, one hundred million would fit onto a full-stop. The only other natural rotary electric motor is in the enzyme ATP-synthase."
https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/pinnacle-evolutionary-bionanotechnology-bacterial-flagellar-motor/
"Experimental studies indicate that the energy conversion efficiency of the bacterial flagellar motor is very high. Nearly the complete energy released by the protonmotive force is converted into mechanical rotation."
"A signaling molecule becomes phosphorylated and the change of the phosphorylated cytoplasmic concentration then causes the rotation to switch between CCW to CW. The bacterial flagellar motor is remarkably sensitive and already small changes of the phosphorylated protein concentration result in conformational changes and so in a change of the direction of the rotation within milliseconds."
My comment: The energy conversion efficiency of rotary molecular motors is much higher than that of man-made motors. How could blind, random forces be able to produce such energy conversion solutions? How could random chance be able to construct a proton pump? These super complex electromechanical machines point to Intelligent Design and Creation. And what makes them far too complex for human engineers is that they are able to reproduce. Don't get lost my friends.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006349508704685
"Kinesin-1 and cytoplasmic dynein are the major cytoplasmic motors responsible for long-range transport in many cell types. Kinesin walks along microtubules toward the plus ends, facilitating material transport from the cell interior toward the cortex. Dynein transports material toward the microtubule minus ends, moving from the cell periphery to the cell interior."
http://book.bionumbers.org/how-fast-do-molecular-motors-move-on-cytoskeletal-filaments/
"This directed motion is made up of individual steps of 8 nm length, thus requiring about 100 steps per second to achieve such speeds in vitro."
http://blog.godreports.com/2014/02/earliest-single-cell-bacteria-contained-seven-complex-motors/
“The seven flagella propellers are inter-linked for minimum drag profile and maximum thrust by using 24 gears and a sheath, similar to modern aircraft and mufti-engine helicopters!”
“It actually has gears and it keeps all seven motors synchronized,” he notes. “Typically, any geared engines have no more than two motors. The best we could do in a helicopter is three engines and a multiple gear box to sync the engines.”
“The motors can drive the MO-1 bacteria at relative speeds of 100 body lengths/second. A Cheetah achieves a land speed of only 25 body lengths/second in comparison and that’s in air, not fluid!” he says.
https://phys.org/news/2006-02-bacterial-motors-nanotechnology.html
"This motor has the same power-to-weight ratio as an internal combustion engine, spins at up to 100,000 rpm and achieves near-perfect efficiency. Yet at only 50 nanometres across, one hundred million would fit onto a full-stop. The only other natural rotary electric motor is in the enzyme ATP-synthase."
https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/pinnacle-evolutionary-bionanotechnology-bacterial-flagellar-motor/
"Experimental studies indicate that the energy conversion efficiency of the bacterial flagellar motor is very high. Nearly the complete energy released by the protonmotive force is converted into mechanical rotation."
"A signaling molecule becomes phosphorylated and the change of the phosphorylated cytoplasmic concentration then causes the rotation to switch between CCW to CW. The bacterial flagellar motor is remarkably sensitive and already small changes of the phosphorylated protein concentration result in conformational changes and so in a change of the direction of the rotation within milliseconds."
