Alternative splicing is regulated by epigenetic factors - the most significant mechanism for organismal changes
http://cbm.msoe.edu/images/contentImages/smartTeams/alumni/2011-12/Valders.pdfExcerpt: "Alternative splicing allows more than one protein to be made from one gene.
Enormous protein diversity results from alternative splicing. Mammals are much more complex than nematodes and fruit flies, yet the genomes of these organisms differ by less than 2 fold (about 25,000, 20,000 and 14,000 genes, respectively). The extent to which alternative splicing contributes to the complexity of eukaryotic organisms is a question that remains unanswered, but a strong correlation exists between complexity and intron number and alternative splicing. One fact that remains clear though, is that alternative splicing is important for generating protein diversity."
How many different proteins is it possible to produce by using only one DNA strand (a gene)?
An example: If all combinations were used, the cell is able to produce 38,016 different protein isoforms by editing and manipulating pre-mRNAs made from only one Dscam gene template.
Humans have fewer protein-coding genes (~19,600) than an earthworm (~20,470). This means that the genes we thought made us who we are, don't.
According to latest research, there are only ~19,000 DNA strands used for protein production in a human genome. But the number of different proteins in a human body is up to several millions.
What factors and mechanisms regulate this complex splicing procedure?
According to latest research, there are only ~19,000 DNA strands used for protein production in a human genome. But the number of different proteins in a human body is up to several millions.
What factors and mechanisms regulate this complex splicing procedure?
1. DNA methylation profiles
2. Histone markers
2. Histone markers
3. Non coding RNA molecules
4. Transcription factors (proteins that bind to methylated regions).
These are epigenetic factors. Modifications in epigenetic information layers will never result in any kind of evolution, because it's only about switching between alternative biological programs.
Any change in organisms is due to epigenetic regulation of pre-existing biological information. DNA mutations are associated with genetic diseases and corruption of biological information. That's why there's no mechanism for evolution.
4. Transcription factors (proteins that bind to methylated regions).
These are epigenetic factors. Modifications in epigenetic information layers will never result in any kind of evolution, because it's only about switching between alternative biological programs.
Any change in organisms is due to epigenetic regulation of pre-existing biological information. DNA mutations are associated with genetic diseases and corruption of biological information. That's why there's no mechanism for evolution.
