The theory of evolution needs urgent rethinking

Textbooks give false information about assumed evolution

This is a typical example of a textbook or a web page providing information about organismal change. According to this site, rapid changes in beak size and shape within Darwin's finches is due to evolution and natural selection. These are the key points represented at the site:

• Darwin observed the Galapagos finches had a graded series of beak sizes and shapes and predicted these species were modified from one original mainland species.
• Darwin called differences among species natural selection, which is caused by the inheritance of traits, competition between individuals, and the variation of traits.
• Offspring with inherited characteristics that allow them to best compete will survive and have more offspring than those individuals with variations that are less able to compete.
• Large-billed finches feed more efficiently on large, hard seeds, whereas smaller billed finches feed more efficiently on small, soft seeds.
• When small, soft seeds become rare, large-billed finches will survive better, and there will be more larger-billed birds in the following generation; when large, hard seeds become rare, the opposite will occur.

Key terms are explained in this way:

• natural selection: a process in which individual organisms or phenotypes that possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
• evolution: the change in the genetic composition of a population over successive generations
  

Sounds familiar? The evolutionary concept sounds so simple that even a child could understand the basics. But let's have a deeper look at these doctrines. Why are they giving false information?

Claim 1. Darwin observed the Galapagos finches had a graded series of beak sizes and shapes and predicted these species were modified from one original mainland species.

This might be the case. Pretty possible.

Claim 2. Darwin called differences among species natural selection, which is caused by the inheritance of traits, competition between individuals, and the variation of traits.

This is false information. According to modern science, differences among species are caused by epigenetic regulation and inheritable epigenetic memory.

Claim 3. Offspring with inherited characteristics that allow them to best compete will survive and have more offspring than those individuals with variations that are less able to compete.

This is also false information. According to latest research, so called survival of the fittest is due to inheritable epigenetic memory. Organisms have coded mechanisms by which they are able to adapt to changing environment, changing food type etc. Changes occur rapidly and they are inherited to the offspring across multiple generations.

 

Claim 4. Offspring with inherited characteristics that allow them to best compete will survive and have more offspring than those individuals with variations that are less able to compete.

This is partly false information. Offspring with inherited characteristics are adapted in different way than offspring with less inherited characteristics. However, both groups have potential to survive if proper food is available.

Claim 5. Large-billed finches feed more efficiently on large, hard seeds, whereas smaller billed finches feed more efficiently on small, soft seeds.

This is the most pseudoscientific claim. Darwin thought that beak size and shape changes randomly and that birds with certain beak size and shape are forced to select their food type. Modern science has revealed that food type affects organisms epigenomes causing intentional changes to phenotype, in this case to the beak size and shape. In other words, if a bird starts eating seeds, the offspring will have stronger and larger beaks. This is how epigenetic regulation works. No randomness. No natural selection. No random mutations.

Claim 6. When small, soft seeds become rare, large-billed finches will survive better, and there will be more larger-billed birds in the following generation; when large, hard seeds become rare, the opposite will occur.

This is also based on mechanisms. Organisms are able to regulate the number of offspring along to how much food is available.

Key terms are to be corrected:

Natural selection: An imaginary force that has no true impact on organismal change and biodiversity. Mostly it's just bad or good luck.

Evolution: Organismal change occurs due to epigenetic regulation of pre-existing coded information. No genetic mutations have been associated with beak size or shape within Darwin's finches. Epigenetic regulation results in subtle genetic errors. Gradually this leads to genetic decay, degradation, degeneration and genetic entropy. Evolution never happened.

Epigenetics explains the differences between humans and Neanderthals

Neanderthals were humans. Human evolution is a joke.

https://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/6672/20140419/gene-expression-maps-show-why-humans-neanderthals-look-different.htm

Excerpt: "A new study uses epigenetics to explain the differences between modern humans and Neanderthals.

Epigenetics refers to external modification of DNA. Research has shown that these changes are important in shaping key biological functions.

The study, conducted by a team of Israeli, Spanish and German researchers, was based on maps of gene expression of humans and our ancient cousins, the Neanderthals and the Denisovans.

The research explains why despite being 99.84 percent identical genetically, the Neanderthals looked quite different from humans, nbcnews.com reports.

According to the researchers, the answer lies in a process that controls gene expression called DNA methylation. In this process, a methyl group attaches to a gene and prevents normal genetic activity.

"We wanted to know if we could say anything about how genes were active or regulated in our closest evolutionary relatives," computational biologist Liran Carmel and stem cell biologist Eran Meshorer, at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, told Nature. "This may be very relevant to explaining some of the known phenotypic differences between us."

Researchers created methylation maps that revealed several regions with different genetic activity, especially in those associated with body shape and neurological diseases such as autism and schizophrenia. However, the maps aren't complete as the research was based on DNA obtained from a few bones.

 

In the study, researchers created methylation maps by measuring the levels of decayed products of unmethylated cytosines and cyctones. Researchers then compared these methylation maps with similar maps of modern humans, according to a news report by Phys.org.

Carmel and colleagues found some 2000 different regions where gene expression was on in humans, but off in Neanderthals or Denisovans or vice versa, nbc.news reported.

The team found significant changes in methylation in some regions such as HoxD cluster, which has earlier been linked with changes in physical appearance. The alterations in HoxD cluster might explain why Neanderthals were short and stout.

Also, researchers found that methylated regions linked with neurological disorders such as autism and schizophrenia were present in modern humans, but not our primitive cousins.
The study is published in the journal Science."

My comment: There is no reason to conclude that Neanderthals were our evolutionary ancestors. They were just humans just like us. They looked different to us, they were short, brutish and stout but these differences are explained by epigenetic control of gene expression. Genetically, at DNA level, they were at least 99.84 % similar to us, probably even closer because methylated cytosines are prone to turn into thymines rapidly after death. The theory of evolution is maintained by stories and fairytales and this research reveals truth about Neanderthals. They were humans. Don't be deceived.